Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of the South American Ovenbird Genus Cinclodes

نویسنده

  • R. TERRY CHESSER
چکیده

• Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cinclodes, a group of South American furnariids, were studied using complete sequences of the mitochondrial genes COII and ND3. The 13 species of Cinclodes formed a monophyletic group consisting of three major lineages: (1) the southeastern Brazilian isolate C. pabsti, which was sister to the rest of the genus; (2) a clade of five primarily Patagonian or central Argentine highlands species; and (3) a clade of seven primarily north-central Andean or Pacific species. Biogeographic structure in the Patagonian-Andean taxa was consistent with the deep Patagonian and north-central Andean division previously noted in the similarly distributed genus Muscisaxicola. Evolutionary relationships among Cinclodes species were partially consistent with expectations based on plumage, behavior, and ecology. The phenotypically distinctive C. antarcticus was found to be sister to the widespread C. fuscus in the primarily Fatagonian-Argentine clade, and the distinctive C. palUatus to be sister to C. atacamensis in the high Andean-Pacific clade. The central Argentine isolates C. comechingonus and C. olrogi formed a clade with C. oustaleti {olrogi sister to oustaleti, and comechingonus sister to those two) within the Patagonian-Argentine clade. The Pacific marine specialists C. nigrofumosus and C. taczanowskii were sisters within the Andean-Pacific clade and were distantly related to the southern maritime species C. antarcticus. Thus, marine ecological specialization apparently evolved twice within Cinclodes; behavioral and ecological data also support the nonhomology of the two character states. The two exclusively Pacific species were positionally apomorphic within the Andean-Pacific clade; ancestral area analysis indicated that the high Andes were the most likely area of origin for this clade, and that the Pacific coast was occupied secondarily. Received 30 May 2002, accepted 23 February 2004. RESUMEN.•Se estudiaron las relaciones filogenéticas en el género Cinclodes, un grupo de furnáridos suramericanos, empleando secuencias completas de los genes mitocondriales COII y ND3. Las 13 especies de Cinclodes formaron un grupo monofilético compuesto por tres linajes principales: (1) C. pabsti, una especie aislada del sureste brasileño, que fue la especie hermana del resto del género; (2) un ciado de cinco especies principalmente patagónicas o de las tierras altas del centro de Argentina; y (3) un ciado de siete especies principalmente del centro y norte de los Andes o del Pacífico. La estructura biogeográfica en los taxa patagónicos-andinos fue consistente con la división profunda entre elementos patagónicos y de los Andes nor-centrales evidenciada anteriormente en el género Muscisaxicola, el cual tiene una distribución similar. Las relaciones evolutivas entre las especies de Cinclodes fueron parcialmente consistentes con lo esperado con base en plumaje, comportamiento y ecología. Se encontró que la especie fenotipicamente distintiva C. antarcticus es hermana de la ampliamente distribuida C. fuscus en el ciado principalmente patagónico-argentino, y que la especie distintiva C. palliatus es hermana de C. atacamensis en el ciado altoandino-Pacifico. Las especies aisladas del centro de Argentina, C. comechingonus y C. olrogi, formaron un ciado con C. oustaleti (olrogi es hermana de oustaleti y comechingonus de estas dos) dentro del ciado patagónico-argentino. Las especies especialistas marinas del Pacifico, C. nigrofumosus y C. taczanowskii, fueron hermanas dentro del ciado andino-Pacifico y estuvieron lejanamente emparentadas con la especie marina del sur, C. antarcticus. Por lo tanto, la especialización ecológica en ambientes marinos parece haber evolucionado dos veces en Cinclodes; datos comportamentales y ecológicos también sugieren la no-homologia de los dos estados de carácter. Las dos especies exclusivas del Pacífico fueron posicionalmente apomórficas en el ciado andino-Pacifico; un análisis de áreas ancestrales indicó que los altos Andes fueron el área de origen más probable para este ciado, y que la costa Pacífica fue ocupada de forma secundaria. 'Present address: Australian National Wildlife Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]

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تاریخ انتشار 2008